externalities

The word is externalities, a concept that holds that money is not the only scarcity in the world.
这便是“外部性”，该概念告诉我们，货币并非世界上唯一的稀缺性。
Internalization may also come about spontaneously by the merger of two units inflicting large externalities upon one another.
当两个有着巨大的相互冲突的外差因素的单位合并时，内部化也可能自发地产生。
Somewhere in the heavens, Arthur Cecil Pigou, the economist who invented the concept of negative externalities, must be smiling.
发明“负外部性”概念的经济学家阿瑟•塞西尔•皮古（ArthurCecilPigou），肯定在天堂的某个地方露出了笑容。
In an equilibrium state we see that markets creating negative externalities of production will overproduce that good.
在均衡状态下，引发负面外部效应生产的市场中，该产品将过量生产。
In an equilibrium state we see that markets creating positive externalities of production will under produce that good.
在均衡状态下，引发正面外部效应生产的市场中，该产品生产不足。
As a matter of fact, the fundamental reason is not the low output, but the huge positive externalities of metro projects.
其实，地铁企业亏损的根本原因并非是由于产出少，而是因为地铁项目具有巨大的正外部性。
Congestion externalities----Higher costs resulting from an attempt to use resources at a higher-than-optimal capacity.
外部阻隔——在尝试更高而不佳的容量下的资源使用而导致的更高的成本。
Cultivated land is an important public resource with the attributes of public goods, while it has positive and negative externalities.
耕地是一种重要的公共资源，具有公共物品的属性，耕地利用会产生正的与负的外部效应。
As the externalities of knowledge are localized, they do not spill perfectly over spatial borders.
由于知识的外部性是当地化的，不能有效地跨空间溢出和转移。
And financial institutions often do not engage in the endogenous dynamic behavior with positive externalities.
而金融机构往往并没有内生动力从事具有正外部性的行为。